Evaluation of different methods to detect methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA]

The studies suggest that dogs living with human are potential risk of becoming MRSA carrier and increased risk of infections caused by MRSA. Phenotypic methods to detect methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] are inadequate. The objective of the present study was to determine methicillin resistance in S. aureus by phenotypic susceptibility test [oxacillin disk diffusion, cefoxitin disk diffusion, oxacillin screen agar] and molecular methods [PCR as a gold standard] and the latex agglutination test for the detection of PBP2a and to evaluate the results of these tests for its sensitivity and specificity. A total of 100 swab samples were taken from muzzle site, in more contact with human, of dogs and MRSA were isolated. Oxacillin [1 micro g], cefoxitin [30 micro g] disk diffusion and oxacillin screen agar method were used. The isolates were also subjected to latex agglutination test for detection of PBP2a and PCR to detect mecA gene. By PCR 37% of isolates show the presence of mecA. Latex agglutination was found to be the most sensitive [97.29%] and cefoxitin disk diffusion to be the most specific [96.82%] tests for detection of MRSA. Our finding showed that combining oxacillin screen agar or cefoxitin disk diffusion with latex agglutination improves sensitivity and specificity to detect methicillin resistance S. aureus [MRSA] isolates

Effects of fibroblasts conditioned media on differentiation of programmable cells of monocytic origin to insulin-producing cells

The characteristic of stem cells in self renewal and differentiation to different types of cells has stimulated the interests for using stem cells as a starting material for generating insulin secreting cells. We've evaluated the differentiation potential of Programmable cells of monocytic origin [PCMOs] into insulin producing cells effected from the growth factors and fibroblasts conditioned media [FCM]. Peripheral blood monocytes of rat were cultured for 6 days in RPMI with 15% FBS, beta- mercaptoethanol, MCSF and interleukin-3. Then, these cells were incubated in differentiation media with HGF, EGF, Nicotinamide, 15% fibroblasts conditioned media and glucose for 15days. Morphological differences of cells were studied by invert microscope. In several stages, the amounts of insulin in supernatant of cells were measured by radioimmunoassay kit. Also productions of insulin from differentiated cells were studied with DTZ special staining. In response to MCSF and IL-3, monocytes dedifferentiated. These programmable cells of monocytic origin [PCMOs] were capable of differentiating into insulin producing cells in differentiation media. The morphology of differentiated cells was similar to Beta cells and the amount of insulin in supernatant of differentiated cells was much higher than PCMOs [P<0.05]. HGF, EGF, Nicotinamide and fibroblasts conditioned media are differentiation factors of PCMOs into insulin producing cells. According to the results insulin producing cells can be differentiated from programmable cells of monocytic origin in presence of fibroblasts conditioned media

[In-vitro differentiation of rat peripheral blood monocytes into insulinproducing cells by rat pancreatic extract]

Cell-therapy provides a promising alternative for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Monocytes which have a reprogramming or differentiation potential and are more available than any other types of stem cells, have been recognized as candidates for such investigations. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the differentiation potential of rat peripheral blood monocytes into insulin-producing cells by the use of rat pancreatic extract [2 days after a 60% pancreatectomy]. Rat peripheral blood monocytes were isolated and cultured. Adherent monocytes were induced to differentiate into programmable cells in RPMI supplemented by 10% FCS, beta-mercaptoetanol, M-CSF and IL-3 for six days. The dedifferentiated cells were analyzed by invert microscopy. Cultures of Programmable Cells of Monocytic Origin [PCMOs] were continued in RPMI, containing 10% FBS, pancreatic extract and 5 mmol/L glucose for 15 days. The medium was replaced every three days. At the end of the protocol, insulin and c-peptide excreted by the differentiated cells were tested by radioimmunoassay on days 6, 14, and 21. In order to verify insulin production in the cells, dithizone-staining, which is a method for insulin identification, was employed. The results showed that the cells cultured in rat pancreatic extract secreted insulin and c-peptide relative to the control group. Dithizone-staining was positive in the aforesaid cells [P<0/05]. The results of the current study showed that pancreatic extract treatment can differentiate rat peripheral blood monocytes into insulin-producing cells which can be regarded as a potential source for the treatment of diabetes

Survey of Flea Infestation in Dogs in Different Geographical Regions of Iran

Medically important arthropods, including fleas, play an important role in causing clinical disorders and disease in man and domestic animals. This study was conducted to determine the seasonal flea infestations for domestic dogs from different geographic regions of Iran. A total of 407 fleas, belonging to 5 different species, were recovered from 83 domestic dogs from 3 regions. There was a distinctive pattern of species distribution and infestations with the highest infestation rates observed in a temperate climate and higher rainfall. Additionally, fleas were observed over all seasons, except February and March, with the highest infestation rate observed in August (24.7%) and the lowest rate in January (1.7%). They also parasitize dogs with a different spectrum of species. The cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (67.5%), exhibited the highest prevalence among all flea species found on dogs. Thus, climatic conditions and seasonal patterns impact on flea infestation and must be considered in developing control programs.